Said El-deib

NMC Royal Hospital, UAE

Consultant pediatrician at MOHP&EMS Egypt

Abstract

The gut microbiota plays a pivotal role in the maintenance of human health. Numerous factors, including the mode of delivery,nutrition being unique in its complexity and range of functions. As such, dietary modulation is important for improved gut health, especially during the highly-sensitive stage of infancy. Diet can affect the composition of the gut microflora through the availability of different substrates for bacterial fermentation. Differences in gut microflora composition and incidence of infection exist between breast-fed and formula-fed infants, with the former thought to have improved protection.

Cows’ milk-based infant formulas are widely used, but goats’ milk-based products are becoming increasingly popular as goats’ milk is considered to be more similar to human milk com- pared with cows’ milk. This includes higher levels of oligosac- charides in goats’ milk relative to milk of other mammalian speciesand lower levels of α-S1 casein

Increased demand of goat milk and milk products was due to potential human health benefits. The small size of fat globules, higher digestibility and less allergic were the reasons of preferred goat milk feeding in infants over cow milk. Grazing has been the preferred system of goat production, which increases polyunsaturated and conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) contents of the goat milk. Browsing of polyphenolic rich plant in goats has increased antioxidant activity and contents of flavanoids, gallic acids and diterpens in goat milk. Goat milk fat has a ratio of 5:1 between omega-6 and omega-3 fatty acids, which is closer to the ratio recommended for the prevention of cardiovascular diseases in human. Goat milk has the property of minimum changes in fat (fatty acids profile and CLA isomers), protein and other micronutrient on processing with higher-pressure treatments. The potential therapeutic benefits of goat milk and milk products consumptions such as anti-carcinogenic, anti-viral properties and the prevention of cardiovascular diseases have increased growth of goat milk in human intake.

research in the past decade has extended knowledge of composition of goat milk and of properties of its constituents.

Goats of several European breeds produce milk of lower fat content in the tropics than in temperate zones. Fat, protein, and lactose contents of milk of dwarf goats are higher than those of other breeds. Fat globules of goat milk resemble those of cow milk in lipid composition and properties of the globule membrane, but goat milk lacks “agglutinin” which causes fat globules of cow milk to cluster when cooled. Five principal proteins of goat milk, α-lactalbumin, β-lactoglobulin, κ-casein, β-casein, and α_s2-casein, closely resemble their homologs in cow milk. Goat milk lacks a homolog of bovine β_s1-casein, the most abundant protein in cow milk. Caseinate micelles of goat milk contain more calcium and inorganic phosphorus, are less solvated and less heat stable, and lose β-casein more readily than bovine micelles. Activities of ribonuclease, lipase, and xanthine oxidase are less in goat than in cow milk.

Goat milk contains more potassium and chloride but less orotic acid, N-acetyl neuraminic acid, folate, vitamin B₆, and vitamin B₁₂ than cow milk. Little work in the past decade has been on nutritive value of goat milk for humans except to describe cases of folate deficiency in infants.

Conclusions

Diet, among other environmental and genetic factors, is currently recognised to have an important role in health and disease. There is increasing evidence that the human colonic microbiota can contribute positively towards host nutrition and health. As such, dietary modulation has been proposed as important for improved gut health, especially during the highly sensitive stage of infancy. Differences in gut microflora composition and incidence of infection occur between breast- and formula-fed infants.

Cows’ milk-based infant formulas are widely used, but goats’ milk-based products are becoming increasingly popular as goats’ milk is considered to be more similar to human milk com- pared with cows’ milk. This includes higher levels of oligosac- charides in goats’ milk relative to milk of other mammalian species and lower levels of α-S1 casein

Biography

Dr. Said  El Deib  is a consultant pediatrician at MOHP&EMS Egypt  Neonatologist and clinical researcher  with  experience in the field spans 15 years, backed by a higher education degree MRCPCH  from Royal College of Pediatrics ‘and Child health  in UK (London), in addition to master degree from Ain Shams university in Egypt   one of the oldest and top ranking universities in the MENA region. He is pioneering an open and contextual evaluation model based on constructive responses, which  has  led  in  the  creation  of  new  methods  to  improve  pediatric  healthcare, neonatology  and  pediatric  nutrition.  Dr.  said has  established  this  model  following  his  years  of experiences  in  medical  practice,  research  and  evaluation,  and  teaching  and  administration  in hospitals and medical universities in the reigion, including Egypt, kuwait and the UAE.

Dr. said has published studies in reputable international journals in neonatology and pediatric nutrition. He has also presented his findings in prestigious international conferences.